Scientific Interpretation
Unemployment rate:The unemployment rate used to be one of the lowest rates in Europe before the financial crisis in 2008 (2%) but increased to one of the highest by 2010 (8%). Especially the Russian speaking minority, which makes up a third of the country’s population, suffers from long-term unemployment. Most of them live in the north-east, close to the Russian border. This area witnessed a markable structural change since the end of the Soviet occupation. The region used to be the industrial heart and energy producer of Estonia but suffers high unemployment rates due to a lack of job opportunities. Also, the new citizen policy declared the Soviet citizenship as illegal which means, that only pre-Soviets are listed as legal citizen. One can find also high unemployment rates as well as a very high rise of unemployment rates in the West, in and around Pärnu. Even the metropolitan area of Tallinn witnessed a rise of unemployment. Here we can find a gain of population in search of job opportunities. In the South it´s the other way around, here one can find high unemployment rates in 2020 but compared to the rest of the country a very small increase of rates.

Demographic dependency ratio:The demographic dependency ratio shows it´s lowest rates in the regions of the University cities of Tallinn and Tartu as well as in the Voro region in the south and on the islands in the east. There is no distinctive difference in general between urban and rural regions. For ex. one can find very high dependency rates in the urban municipalities of Narva, Happsalu and Pärnu. A possible explanation is the negative migration balance. People of working age tend to migrate to metropolitan areas which training facilities. Despite there is no clear rural-urban pattern on average the higher ratios are in rural regions in the center of the country. Reasons for a high DR could be a high number of retired people, a high fertility rate or a heavy outmigration of people of working age due to a lack of job and future perspectives.
Highly qualified employees:There is a distinctive difference between urban and rural areas. The metropolitan areas of the two biggest cities (also the only cities with Universities) Tallinn and Tartu have the highest share of well-educated people as well as the urban municipality of Narva-Jõesuu and Jõhvi in the north-east.Universities have a demonstrable lighthouse effect on surrounding areas, including business opportunities for the qualified. In contrast to this there are the rural areas with a lack of higher educational institutions with limited demand for qualified workforce. The high share of people with higher education on the island Vormsi is owed to the fact that wealthy people from Tallinn own a summer house on the island and are registered as residents.

School dropout rate: In Estonia basic education is organized by local government but secondary education is organized by states. The demographic change had a massive impact on the number of students which decreased about 40% between 2000 and 2016. As a result, secondary schools are often located in the center of the state which could be an explanation for the distribution of values. Lees (2016) stated: “The difference between rural and urban students’ education levels is the world’s smallest.” Looking at the map this statement seems to be valid. There is no distinctive difference between rural and urban municipalities. In general, the rate of early school leavers is slightly higher in the north of the country compared to the south.

Lees, M. (2016). Estonian education system 1990-2016: Reforms and their impact. Available on-line: http://4liberty. eu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/08/Estonian-Education-System_1990-2016. pdf.
Average monthly gross income:There is a distinctive difference between metropolitan areas (Tallinn and Tartu) and the rest of the country. Big cities provide lucrative jobs with high salaries such as in the finance sector. But Narva, as the third largest city of Estonia shows a very small average monthly gross income per employee. As mentioned, this area suffers very high long-term unemployment rates since structural change and the breakdown of industrial age in this area. In Narva 90% of the population belong to the Russian speaking minority with socio-economic problems and often without Estonian citizenship. “A previous qualitative study has unveiled shocking facts about the sense of belonging to Estonia among Russian inhabitants in this region. In the focus group conducted in Narva, some participants drew a clear distinction between ‘their’ city (and Ida-Virumaa in more general) and the rest of Estonia, especially Tallinn, pronouncing point-blank that ‘Narva is not Estonia’.“ (Nimmerfeldt 2011). If one looks at the map of the development between 2013 and 2019 it exhibits the same outcome. It´s notable that the values of the small Muhu Island increased rapidly. An explanation could be Pädaste Manor. Today the old manor functions as a luxury hotel with a spa and restaurant for high-class tourists.

Gender pay gap:Estonia has the largest gender pay gap in Europe with concentrations in the south and north-east. Rural region of Rapala has a very high pay gap despite a high number of highly educated women. Between 2013 and 2019 the gap increased especially in the north-east and partially in the south and rural municipalities of Harju County (close to Tallinn´s metropolitan area). One can find the lowest pay gap on western Islands, rural and urban North shore region around Rakvere (Lääne-Viru County, many highly educated women), the rural municipalities of Järva County in the center and the rural municipalities in the center East adjacent to Lake Peipus. It should be mentioned that there are significant income differences between sectors. For example, most employees in the health sector are female meanwhile most of the higher positions in finance sector are hold my men (traditional gender roles). Also, in Estonia negotiations are not very common as well as there is a lack of kindergarten places and an inflexible parental leave benefit system. These step stones make it more difficult for women to have a family and a professional career.

Family doctors:“Family physicians are mainly self-employed entrepreneurs or owners and employees of business organisations and hospitals, foundations or limited companies.” (Ministry of Social Affairs Estonia, 2012). The highest counts of doctors per 10,000 inhabitants are in rural municipalities in the center, the South and rural Jõhvi in the north-east. The north-west shows an average amount of family physicians. The lowest count of doctors (less than 2 per 10.000 inhabitants) appears in some rural municipalities in the north-east, the center and in the southern region of Tartu.

Nimmerfeldt, G. (2011). 10 Sense of belonging to Estonia. The Russian Second Generation in Tallinn and Kohtla-Järve, 203. Ministry of Social Affairs, Estonia (2012) National Health Plan 2009–2020 (2012 amended version)
Investments:evenues per capita contribute a large share to local government budgets. Higher shares allow authorities to invest more in infrastructure and assets for economic progress and the well-being of residents. This is the case in municipalities around Tallinn (Keila linn, Harku, Saku, Kiili, Viimsi, Jõelähtme vald), in Vormsi and Lääne-Nigula vald in the West, Järva vald and Tartu linn in the centre, Alutaguse vald (with the highest value for all Estonian municipalities with 1,189 euros per capita) and Narva-Jõesuu linn in the East and Rõuge and Setomaa vald in the South-east. In contrast, lower values are likely to result in limited capacities to invest. Municipalities with lower values can predominantly be found in southern regions apart from the aforementioned municipalities along the southeastern border. Exceptions in the North are Haljala, Lüganuse and Jõhvi vald, which also show comparatively low values. The lowest value in all of Estonia is 1,189 euro per capita in the northeastern municipality of Narva linn.

Voter turnout at local elections: High voter turnout is typically associated with wealth and education. But in Tartu, a University city with a very high average gross income, the participation has been very low. As well as in the cities of Pärnu and Narva with a participation rate of less than 50,8%. Even in the rich capitol Tallinn the turnout has been between 50,8% and 55,9%. One can find the highest participation rates (<69,5%) in areas with high voting shares for ‘citizen´s elections coalitions/ independents. It can be assumed that the voters got mobilized by locally known candidates. One gets the impression that the Estonians are not very satisfied with the political Partys. The Partys of Pro Patria and Res Publica Union tend to be dominant in municipalities with lower participation. The Social Democratic Party is the dominant party on the Islands of Hiiumaa and Saaremaa as well as in the towns of Viljandi and Võru.
Overall internal migration balance:Estonia recorded a significant population loss since 1990 from 1.57 mio. inhabitants to 1.33 mio. in 2019. The map shows a distinctive migration difference between urban and rural areas. The flourishing regions around the two biggest cities Tallinn and Tartu witnessed a very high increase of population. In 2019 40% of Estonia´s population live in the Tallinn region. “Narva’s lack of manufacturing jobs, once abundant during the Soviet era, spurred heavy outmigration to Tallinn and abroad“ (Trimbach 2015). Those shrinking regions struggle with lack of jobs, loss of critical mass of consumers for services and goods. This leads to a downward spiral of decreasing services and goods in rural areas. The global trend of urbanization and metropolisation continues in Estonia.

Trimbach, D. J., & O’Lear, S. (2015). Russians in Estonia: Is Narva the Next Crimea?. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 56(5), 493-504

User guide▼Please type the name of a municipality in the search option 🔍 of the map window and click on its area in the map to display the indicator values in the table below.

Colour scheme▼

Interpretations
  • Cluster types
  • Status
  • Development

Cluster

  • Estonia
  • Flourishing regions and islands of prosperity
  • Better-off Estonia
  • Shrinking regions with socioeconomic problems
  • Hot spots of long-standing structural disadvantage

Economy, employment and labour market

  • Unemployment rate
  • Demographic dependency ratio

Educational opportunities

  • School dropout rate
  • Highly qualified
  • Female education

Prosperity and health

  • Income
  • Gender pay gap
  • Doctors

State action and participation

  • Investment
  • Voter turnout
  • Taxes
  • Debts
  • Budget
  • Social care

Migration

  • Internal migration
  • Female migration

Economy, employment and labour market

  • Unemployment rate
  • Demographic dependency ratio

Educational opportunities

  • School dropout rate
  • Highly qualified

Prosperity and health

  • Income
  • Gender pay gap